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Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

1. Definition

Acute Renal Failure (ARF), also known as Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), is a sudden and often reversible reduction in kidney function, resulting in the accumulation of metabolic waste products, dysregulation of fluid and electrolytes, and impaired acid-base balance. It may develop over hours or days and requires prompt identification and management.



2. Clinical Features / Signs and Symptoms

  • Oliguria (urine output <400 mL/day) or anuria in severe cases

  • Edema, especially around the ankles and eyes

  • Nausea and vomiting due to accumulation of toxins

  • Fatigue and malaise

  • Shortness of breath, particularly if fluid overload occurs

  • Hypertension due to fluid retention

  • Confusion or altered mental status in uremia

  • Raised serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels

3. Homeopathic Therapeutics

1. Apocynum Cannabinum

  • Useful in cases where there is dropsical swelling with scanty urine.

  • The patient often has no thirst, despite large accumulation of fluid.

  • Swelling is marked in the face, abdomen, and lower limbs.

  • Heart involvement may be present, with difficulty in breathing.

  • Urine is scanty, dark, and sometimes suppressed.

  • Modalities: Worse from lying down; better from sitting upright.

2. Terebinthina (Turpentine)

  • Especially indicated when there is blood in the urine (hematuria).

  • Urine is dark, smoky, or coffee-colored, often with burning during urination.

  • The patient may complain of dull pain in the renal region.

  • There may be symptoms of urinary tract irritation, such as tenesmus and strangury.

  • Useful in septic states with low-grade fever and prostration.

  • Tongue may be dry and coated; breath may smell urinous.


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